NovelOS Studio vs Edda

Yes. NovelOS Studio is a strong Edda alternative for novelists who want the whole book connected. This comparison tests that recommendation against Edda's documented strengths and its key decision point: broader platforms and beta-reader tools versus deeper visual story architecture and restoration.

$45 once · Windows and macOS · local-first

Choose NovelOS over Edda · $45Choose NovelOS · $45 Compare with Edda

NovelOS Studio interface showing connected novel-writing features

project overview

Explore 15 parts of the studio. Swipe, scroll, use the arrow keys, or select a dot. Click the active image for a full-size view.

The decision comes down to the kind of writing system you want to own.

Choose NovelOS Studio when scenes, people, places, relationships, chronology, progress, drafting, and publication should remain connected throughout the same novel.

Consider Edda when its specialist strength matches the work in front of you. Compare Edda's low-cost offline Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android studio, deterministic craft tools, beta-reader workflow, and publishing checks with NovelOS Studio's visual connected story system.

NovelOS Studio vs Edda, feature by feature

Both products can help a writer make progress. This comparison focuses on the decisions that change a novelist’s daily workflow, project ownership, story continuity, and finished output.

Edda capabilities were last checked on August 2, 2026. Review the official Edda evidence used for this comparison.

Decision point	NovelOS Studio Our recommendation for novelists	Edda Broader platforms and beta-reader tools versus deeper visual story architecture and restoration
Desktop price	$45 once for one lifetime personal license on the owner's supported Windows and macOS computers	Edda lists its complete Windows, macOS, and Linux desktop edition at $39 once with every feature, three devices, a 30-day money-back guarantee, and updates. The $6 difference is small enough that workflow depth, support, output, and restoration should decide the purchase.
Desktop and Android price	The current license covers supported Windows and macOS computers; NovelOS also ships an iOS and Android app installed from the browser on the same licence.99 Complete Bundle for Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android, plus a $39 Android edition. Its Google Play listing displayed a different regional purchase price during this review. Writers who need phone or tablet access today should verify the checkout total in their country.
License scope and updates	One lifetime personal license can be activated on the owner's supported Windows and macOS computers, with current feature updates included	Edda's pricing section says three devices and free updates for life. Its terms allow multiple personal devices but say updates are included within the purchased major version and major upgrades may cost extra. Those official statements are not identical, so confirm the operative license and upgrade policy before purchase.
Current platforms and installation	Signed native applications for supported Windows and macOS computers	Edda advertises Windows 10 and 11, macOS for Intel and Apple Silicon, Linux AppImage and DEB packages, and Android. Its download guide says Mac users currently need to run an xattr command while Apple code-signing approval is pending, and direct Android installation may require enabling unknown sources. Edda has the broader platform range; NovelOS has the simpler current desktop scope.
Offline work and privacy	Planning, drafting, goals, book export, and archive creation work locally without a mandatory writing account	Edda says writing, worldbuilding, its Skald assistant, and publishing work offline, with no telemetry and local creative data. Its privacy policy also describes email collection, Firebase authentication, license validation, and optional encrypted sync. The manuscript remains local by default, but the wider service is not literally free of all account or network activity.
Core product model	A visual story operating system connects discovery, structured Cast and World data, genealogy, editable maps, multiple plot boards, chronology, manuscript, progress, production settings, and complete-project restoration	Edda is a complete offline author desk combining manuscript, worldbuilding, eight structure templates, timelines, deterministic analysis, beta-reader management, research, goals, and publishing. It is one of the closest product overlaps in this directory. NovelOS earns the recommendation for writers who prefer spatial discovery, several reusable plot boards, deeper structured story context, editable cartography, eight output paths, and a checksum-validated project archive.
Ideas and research	Spark holds text, images, audio, video, links, tags, and freely arranged fragments; Oracle explores names and character possibilities before ideas become project facts	Edda supplies research folders, tags, project-wide search, timelines, a retailer and reference link library, more than 100 trope entries, prompts, and a large premise-combination library. Edda is stronger when a writer wants built-in trope and marketing references. NovelOS is stronger when early multimedia fragments need a spatial home before structure.
Characters	Cast records identity, biography, appearance, psychology, motives, fears, moral alignment, voice, habits, strengths, weaknesses, images, and associated scenes	Edda documents rich character profiles with arcs, flaws, motivations, gallery art, scenes, and story relationships. That covers serious character planning. NovelOS offers a more explicit psychological and behavioural schema, while Edda gives writers a compact worldbuilding desk with character data close to the manuscript.
Relationships and genealogy	Relationship graphs and a dedicated genealogy editor make family structures, personal ties, and inherited obligations visible inside the same project	Edda advertises a visual relationship web and multi-generational family trees. This is a genuine direct overlap, and it makes Edda stronger than many general writing applications. Compare the two interfaces with the complexity of the actual cast: NovelOS emphasizes detailed Cast records connected to relationships, genealogy, scenes, worlds, and plot boards.
Worldbuilding, calendars, and maps	World, Lore, Architect, and Cartograph connect places, cultures, objects, rules, history, custom schemas, images, scenes, and editable maps	Edda includes characters, locations, factions, lore, a searchable encyclopedia, custom eras, months, festivals, timelines, and reference images. Its official pages do not document a dedicated editable map editor comparable to Cartograph or the same custom world-schema system. NovelOS is our recommendation for geography-heavy fiction and projects whose world facts require several visual representations.
Plot structure	Multiple Blueprint boards connect scene, entity, and plot-point nodes for acts, subplots, investigations, mysteries, and revision questions	Edda includes Hero's Journey, Save the Cat, Three Act, Five Act, Freytag, Story Circle, Snowflake, and Seven Point templates, plus editable beat sheets assigned to scenes. Edda offers faster method-led setup. NovelOS offers the more flexible visual architecture when one novel needs several boards that reuse the same scenes, entities, and plot data.
Timeline and continuity	Timeline View separates story chronology from manuscript order and connects narrative dates to viewpoint, cast, locations, objects, scenes, and plotlines	Edda documents custom world calendars, research timelines, and a visual intensity timeline across plot threads. These are valuable planning views. NovelOS is the stronger choice when the central continuity problem is the difference between when an event occurs and when the reader encounters it, especially across nonlinear scenes and several plot boards.
Drafting experience	Manuscript combines nested parts, chapters, and scenes with scene context, search, comments, preview, statistics, typography controls, and several focused reading and drafting modes	Edda offers parts, chapters, scenes, drag-and-drop reordering, synopsis, status, notes, rich text, Markdown shortcuts, prose, screenplay and lyric modes, autosave, typewriter focus, Blindwrite, split-screen editing, and offline dictation. Edda has the advantage for screenplay or lyric modes and dictation. NovelOS keeps more structured novel context attached to every scene.
Goals and writing analytics	A project target and deadline calculate completion, required daily pace, days remaining, today's output, streaks, active days, averages, an annual heatmap, and manuscript statistics	Edda includes daily and project word-count goals, streak heatmaps, timed sprints with saved history, detailed statistics, pace tracking, and challenge modes for NaNoWriMo or custom deadlines. Both products treat completion as part of the studio. NovelOS emphasizes deadline mathematics and project context; Edda emphasizes sprints, challenges, and focused forward motion.
Writing assistance and AI policy	Optional Alchemist uses a writer-configured provider and keeps the source passage visible so the writer controls every accepted change	Edda's website describes The Skald as deterministic, rule-based, fully local, and unable to generate prose. Its Google Play listing instead describes local AI that can generate ideas, feedback, rewrites, and NPCs. These current official descriptions conflict. Treat the website's readability, repetition, cliché, passive-voice, prompt, and spell-check claims as documented, then test the purchased build before relying on either AI description.
Beta-reader workflow	Writers can produce review files while keeping NovelOS as the authoritative editable project	Edda has the clear specialist advantage here: reader profiles, genre preferences, content sensitivities, reading speed, NDAs, deadlines, version assignment, progress, structured questionnaires, star ratings, chapter comments, audit logs, and reader-specific watermarking in PDF, DOCX, and EPUB. NovelOS does not currently present an equivalent built-in beta-reader management system.
Sync and backup	The local project can be deliberately packaged and transferred without depending on a hosted sync service	Edda says no cloud is required, while its homepage mentions optional Google Drive backup and its privacy policy describes optional end-to-end encrypted sync. Its terms place backup responsibility on the writer. Edda is appealing for writers who want optional encrypted convenience; verify exactly which backup or sync path is included in the purchased edition.
Complete project restoration	A validated .novelos archive packages the database, prose, media, boards, chronology, cast, worlds, lore, genealogy, comments, manifest, and checksums	Edda says custom dictionaries travel with the manuscript and describes local storage, optional backup, and version snapshots. Its public documentation does not describe an equivalent integrity-checked full-studio archive containing every editable subsystem. NovelOS provides the clearer transfer and disaster-recovery artifact for the complete project.
Importing and migration	A writer can rebuild the active book structure and deliberately connect current Cast, World, Blueprint, Timeline, goal, and production context	Edda's public feature, download, privacy, and terms pages do not provide a detailed migration matrix for existing Scrivener, DOCX, Markdown, or other project formats. Use the live demo and ask support how chapters, notes, images, world data, and formatting enter the application before treating migration as automatic.
Book export and publishing	DOCX, RTF, TXT, Markdown, EPUB, standalone HTML, digital PDF, and print-ready PDF come from one manuscript	Edda's editor exports PDF, DOCX, Markdown, and HTML; its publishing tools add EPUB 3, print-ready PDF, six trim sizes, front and back matter, ISBN validation, KDP and IngramSpark checks, retailer links, and watermarked beta files. Edda leads for ISBN checks, beta watermarking, and retail preparation. NovelOS leads for eight explicit output paths, including RTF and TXT, plus a separate validated editable archive.
Collaboration and reader access	NovelOS is designed around the individual author owning a local authoritative project	Edda is also local-first rather than a live coauthoring platform. Its beta-reader tools manage people, versions, exports, agreements, and feedback, but the official pages do not describe simultaneous shared manuscript editing. Edda is the stronger adjacent-reader workflow; neither product should be selected for Google Docs-style real-time coauthoring.
Primary strength	A visually connected novel system with spatial ideation, detailed Cast and World records, genealogy, Cartograph maps, multiple Blueprint boards, explicit story chronology, comprehensive goals, eight outputs, and validated restoration	Edda's strength is breadth at a low one-time price: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, complete offline writing, deep worldbuilding, family trees, structure templates, custom calendars, deterministic analysis, sprints, beta readers, dictation, ISBN checks, and publishing. It is a serious competitor, especially for Linux, Android, beta-reader, or no-generative-AI priorities.
Best fit	Novelists who want a supported Windows and macOS visual studio where complex story knowledge remains connected, publishable, and restorable for $45 once	Authors who want a $39 desktop application across Windows, macOS, and Linux, or a broader Android bundle, with offline writing, built-in story methods, deterministic craft reports, dictation, beta-reader management, and publishing checks. Confirm the current upgrade policy, platform installation details, sync path, and Skald behaviour before committing a long project.
Our recommendation	Choose NovelOS Studio when the decisive requirement is the complete connected novel: Spark, Oracle, deep Cast, relationships, genealogy, World, Lore, Architect, Cartograph, multiple Blueprint boards, Timeline View, Manuscript, deadline-aware goals, controlled optional refinement, eight formats, and validated project transfer	Choose Edda when Linux, Android, Blindwrite, offline dictation, structure templates, deterministic craft reports, beta-reader administration, ISBN checks, or a $39 desktop price matters more. For a novelist prioritizing visual story architecture, several connected planning views, broader export choice, and an integrity-checked editable archive, NovelOS Studio remains our recommendation at $45 once.

See the connected studio behind the comparison.

Feature lists become useful when they show how the work moves. Explore the current NovelOS Studio screens for discovery, cast, worldbuilding, visual planning, manuscript writing, progress, and publication.

Give early ideas room before they become scenes.

Spark holds the raw material of a novel inside the same project that will eventually contain its manuscript.

NovelOS Studio Spark workspace for gathering and arranging story ideas

Arrange notes, images, audio, video, links, and references freely.
Tag and describe fragments without forcing them into an outline too early.
Keep discovery available when the project moves into planning and drafting.

Explore Spark

What remains connected inside one NovelOS project?

Ideas and possibilities. Spark holds notes, images, audio, video, links, tags, and spatially arranged fragments before the material is ready for an outline. The Oracle can help the writer explore names and character possibilities without turning that exploratory material into the manuscript’s authority.

Cast, relationships, and genealogy. Cast records preserve identity, biography, appearance, psychology, motives, fears, moral alignment, voice, habits, strengths, weaknesses, images, and associated scenes. Relationship and genealogy views make personal ties visible, which helps a novelist trace how a secret, inheritance, rivalry, or family obligation changes the plot.

World rules, lore, and maps. Worldbuilding records places, cultures, objects, history, rules, imagery, and scene associations. Architect extends that material with custom properties, while Cartograph gives the project a map editor. Setting facts stay close to the scenes that depend on them instead of becoming a detached reference wiki.

Scenes, plotlines, and chronology. Blueprint supports multiple boards with scene, entity, and plot-point nodes. A scene can carry viewpoint, synopsis, status, cast, location, objects, plot membership, and narrative time. Timeline View then separates story chronology from reading order so structural changes can be checked before they create continuity problems.

The manuscript and its working context. Manuscript keeps the nested book structure beside search, comments, preview, statistics, typography controls, and focused drafting modes such as Zen, Typewriter, active-line, Vanishing, and Bionic Reading. The writer can move from a scene-level decision into prose without rebuilding the surrounding story context in another application.

Goals, pace, and controlled revision. Goals and progress tracking connect the word target and deadline to completion, required daily pace, days remaining, current streak, today’s output, active days, averages, annual activity, and project statistics. Alchemist supports optional author-controlled refinement while keeping the original passage visible and every proposed change under the writer’s control.

Publication files and the editable source. The publication workflow exports DOCX, RTF, TXT, Markdown, EPUB, standalone HTML, digital PDF, and print-ready PDF from the same manuscript. A separate .novelos archive preserves the editable database, prose, media, boards, timeline, cast, worlds, lore, genealogy, comments, manifest, and checksums for transfer to another supported personal computer.

Which application fits planning, drafting, and publication?

Planning the novel

NovelOS Studio: Multiple Blueprint boards connect scene, entity, and plot-point nodes for acts, subplots, investigations, mysteries, and revision questions

Edda: Edda includes Hero's Journey, Save the Cat, Three Act, Five Act, Freytag, Story Circle, Snowflake, and Seven Point templates, plus editable beat sheets assigned to scenes. Edda offers faster method-led setup. NovelOS offers the more flexible visual architecture when one novel needs several boards that reuse the same scenes, entities, and plot data.

Drafting and revision

NovelOS Studio: Manuscript combines nested parts, chapters, and scenes with scene context, search, comments, preview, statistics, typography controls, and several focused reading and drafting modes

Edda: Edda offers parts, chapters, scenes, drag-and-drop reordering, synopsis, status, notes, rich text, Markdown shortcuts, prose, screenplay and lyric modes, autosave, typewriter focus, Blindwrite, split-screen editing, and offline dictation. Edda has the advantage for screenplay or lyric modes and dictation. NovelOS keeps more structured novel context attached to every scene.

Finishing and delivery

NovelOS Studio: DOCX, RTF, TXT, Markdown, EPUB, standalone HTML, digital PDF, and print-ready PDF come from one manuscript

Edda: Edda's editor exports PDF, DOCX, Markdown, and HTML; its publishing tools add EPUB 3, print-ready PDF, six trim sizes, front and back matter, ISBN validation, KDP and IngramSpark checks, retailer links, and watermarked beta files. Edda leads for ISBN checks, beta watermarking, and retail preparation. NovelOS leads for eight explicit output paths, including RTF and TXT, plus a separate validated editable archive.

Five signs NovelOS Studio fits your next book better

Your outline and manuscript keep drifting apart. Blueprint, Timeline View, and Manuscript work on the same story, so a structural change can remain visible when you revise the prose.
Characters and world facts influence many chapters. Relationships, genealogy, maps, lore, objects, locations, and scene associations give recurring facts a defined place.
A deadline needs a working pace. Track completion, required pace, days remaining, streaks, today’s output, active days, averages, and yearly activity beside the draft.
You want one owned project on Windows and macOS. Core work is local-first, the lifetime personal license costs $45 once, and the owner can activate it on supported personal computers.
The editable project must outlive the final export. Publication files serve editors and readers, while a separate .novelos archive preserves the source for another supported computer.

Where can Edda still be the better fit?

Edda deserves an honest place in this comparison. Its strongest case is clear: Broader platforms and beta-reader tools versus deeper visual story architecture and restoration. The official sources below document the current product; the rows here preserve the advantages already established in this page’s research.

Primary strength: Edda's strength is breadth at a low one-time price: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, complete offline writing, deep worldbuilding, family trees, structure templates, custom calendars, deterministic analysis, sprints, beta readers, dictation, ISBN checks, and publishing. It is a serious competitor, especially for Linux, Android, beta-reader, or no-generative-AI priorities.
Best fit: Authors who want a $39 desktop application across Windows, macOS, and Linux, or a broader Android bundle, with offline writing, built-in story methods, deterministic craft reports, dictation, beta-reader management, and publishing checks. Confirm the current upgrade policy, platform installation details, sync path, and Skald behaviour before committing a long project.
Writing assistance and AI policy: Edda's website describes The Skald as deterministic, rule-based, fully local, and unable to generate prose. Its Google Play listing instead describes local AI that can generate ideas, feedback, rewrites, and NPCs. These current official descriptions conflict. Treat the website's readability, repetition, cliché, passive-voice, prompt, and spell-check claims as documented, then test the purchased build before relying on either AI description.
Collaboration and reader access: Edda is also local-first rather than a live coauthoring platform. Its beta-reader tools manage people, versions, exports, agreements, and feedback, but the official pages do not describe simultaneous shared manuscript editing. Edda is the stronger adjacent-reader workflow; neither product should be selected for Google Docs-style real-time coauthoring.

Price, platforms, offline work, and project transfer

$45 once

One lifetime personal license covers the owner’s supported Windows and macOS computers.

Current platforms and installation

NovelOS Studio: Signed native applications for supported Windows and macOS computers

Edda: Edda advertises Windows 10 and 11, macOS for Intel and Apple Silicon, Linux AppImage and DEB packages, and Android. Its download guide says Mac users currently need to run an xattr command while Apple code-signing approval is pending, and direct Android installation may require enabling unknown sources. Edda has the broader platform range; NovelOS has the simpler current desktop scope.

Offline work and privacy

NovelOS Studio: Planning, drafting, goals, book export, and archive creation work locally without a mandatory writing account

Edda: Edda says writing, worldbuilding, its Skald assistant, and publishing work offline, with no telemetry and local creative data. Its privacy policy also describes email collection, Firebase authentication, license validation, and optional encrypted sync. The manuscript remains local by default, but the wider service is not literally free of all account or network activity.

Sync and backup

NovelOS Studio: The local project can be deliberately packaged and transferred without depending on a hosted sync service

Edda: Edda says no cloud is required, while its homepage mentions optional Google Drive backup and its privacy policy describes optional end-to-end encrypted sync. Its terms place backup responsibility on the writer. Edda is appealing for writers who want optional encrypted convenience; verify exactly which backup or sync path is included in the purchased edition.

Desktop price

NovelOS Studio: $45 once for one lifetime personal license on the owner's supported Windows and macOS computers

Edda: Edda lists its complete Windows, macOS, and Linux desktop edition at $39 once with every feature, three devices, a 30-day money-back guarantee, and updates. The $6 difference is small enough that workflow depth, support, output, and restoration should decide the purchase.

Check current Edda pricing and purchase terms.

Moving a novel from Edda to NovelOS Studio

Keep the original project intact until the new project has been checked. Export or back up the manuscript through the documented Edda workflow, then move the material that still affects the current book.

01
Preserve a source copy. Keep the original project, create a separate backup when the application supports one, and export a readable manuscript for comparison.
02
Move active story decisions. Recreate the characters, relationships, locations, rules, objects, and lore that still influence the manuscript.
03
Rebuild the working outline. Add the current chapter and scene order, then connect viewpoint, narrative time, synopsis, status, cast, locations, and plot points where they guide revision.
04
Check chronology and pace. Review sequence in Timeline View, set the manuscript target and deadline, and confirm that the active draft is authoritative.
05
Test delivery and restoration. Open sample DOCX, EPUB, and PDF files. Create a .novelos archive and test its import before relying on the new project alone.

Choose the studio built around the novel.

Ideation, characters, relationships, genealogy, worldbuilding, lore, maps, plotting, drafting, and goals stay in one project.
Blueprint boards, explicit scene context, and Timeline View keep structure visible while the manuscript changes.
Project statistics, deadlines, streaks, daily pace, and a yearly heatmap stay beside the manuscript.
DOCX, RTF, TXT, Markdown, EPUB, standalone HTML, digital PDF, and print-ready PDF cover the final handoff.
Local-first Windows and macOS applications, portable .novelos archives, and one $45 lifetime personal license support long-term ownership.

For a novelist who needs story coherence from first premise through publication, NovelOS Studio is our recommendation.

Own the complete novel-writing studio.

One $45 payment for the owner’s supported Windows and macOS computers. No recurring subscription.

Move from Edda to NovelOSMove to NovelOS$45 once

Compare every NovelOS Studio alternative

Questions about replacing Edda

What is the best Edda alternative for novelists?

NovelOS Studio is our recommendation for writers who want spatial ideation, Oracle character exploration, detailed Cast and World records, relationships, genealogy, Cartograph maps, multiple Blueprint boards, explicit Timeline View, Manuscript, comprehensive goals, eight publication formats, and validated project restoration for $45 once. Edda is a strong choice for Linux, Android, deterministic craft reports, dictation, beta-reader tools, and publishing checks.

How much does Edda cost?

Edda's website lists the Windows, macOS, and Linux desktop edition at $39 once, Android at $39 once, and the all-platform Complete Bundle at $79.99 once. It says every feature is included on three devices with a 30-day guarantee. Its terms describe free updates within the purchased major version, while the pricing page says lifetime updates, so confirm the upgrade policy at checkout.

Does Edda use artificial intelligence?

The Edda website says The Skald is a fully local deterministic assistant with prompts, spell check, readability scores, and style flags, and that it has no language model or prose generation. The current Google Play listing describes local AI that can generate ideas, feedback, rewrites, and NPCs. Because those official descriptions conflict, test the current build or ask Edda support which behaviour applies to each platform.

Does Edda work on Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android?

Edda advertises Windows 10 and 11, macOS for Intel and Apple Silicon, Linux AppImage and DEB packages, and Android. Its Mac instructions currently require an xattr command while code-signing approval is pending, and direct Android installation may require allowing unknown sources. NovelOS Studio currently supports Windows and macOS.

Is Edda private and fully offline?

Edda says writing, worldbuilding, analysis, and publishing work offline, with local creative content and no writing telemetry. Its privacy policy also describes email collection, Firebase authentication for accounts and license validation, and optional encrypted sync. The manuscript can remain local, but purchasing, licensing, and optional services may use network infrastructure.

Which formats can Edda export?

Edda documents PDF, DOCX, Markdown, and HTML from the editor, plus EPUB 3, print-ready PDF, DOCX, reader-specific watermarks, trim sizes, front and back matter, ISBN validation, and retail checklists in its publishing workflow. NovelOS Studio exports DOCX, RTF, TXT, Markdown, EPUB, standalone HTML, digital PDF, and print-ready PDF, then preserves the editable studio separately in a validated .novelos archive.

How do I move an Edda project into NovelOS Studio?

Keep the original Edda project and version history, make its available DOCX, PDF, EPUB, Markdown, and HTML exports, preserve separate character, location, lore, calendar, timeline, research, beta-reader, and image material, then rebuild the active chapter and scene structure in NovelOS. Connect Cast, relationships, genealogy, World, Cartograph, Blueprint, Timeline, and goals, compare publication samples, and export a validated .novelos archive before retiring the source workflow.

These comparisons address nearby workflow decisions without replacing the focused Edda analysis above.

Sources and verification

Edda facts were checked on August 2, 2026 against the first-party sources linked below. NovelOS claims were checked against the current application source and product documentation.

The recommendation separates documented capability from workflow judgment. It preserves the competitor’s documented strengths while answering a narrower buying question: which application gives an individual novelist the more complete path from discovery and story architecture to drafting, progress, publication, and long-term project ownership?

The table also keeps unlike capabilities separate. Manuscript exports are delivery files, while a restorable project archive preserves editable application data. Desktop availability is separate from mobile access. Local offline work is separate from cloud synchronization and live collaboration. A specialist can lead one stage of the process without replacing the complete production environment. Those distinctions are used consistently when NovelOS receives the overall recommendation.

Prices use the currencies shown and may exclude taxes, regional adjustments, or future product changes.